Also, the ED severity was regarded as the morbidity and mortality predictor of the future cardiovascular disease outcome ( 11, 13). The most widely studied association between ED and cardiovascular disease is that ED patients have increased risks of not only cardiovascular events but also coronary heart disease and stroke ( 11, 12). Endothelial dysfunction is a common pathology of vascular ED and cardiovascular disease, and they share common risk factors such as obesity, tobacco, lack of exercise, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia ( 10). The association between vascular ED and cardiovascular disease has been widely recognized ( 9). Most patients with organic ED are considered to be vascular ED caused by hemodynamic disorders, which is associated with endothelial dysfunction, arterial insufficiency, and/or venous occlusive dysfunction ( 8). Among men over the age of 70, the prevalence of ED ranges from 50% to 100% ( 3, 7). Conversely, 40.56% of men over the age of 40 may suffered from ED, and most of them have been categorized as organic ED ( 6). Epidemiological surveys have shown that the incidence of ED in men younger than 40 years old is 1–10%, and most of them were thought to be psychogenic ED ( 5). With the increase of the aging population, the worldwide prevalence of ED has been predicted to reach 322 million cases by the year 2025, making it a major health problem ( 3, 4). New methods of long-term dynamic detection are needed.Įrectile dysfunction (ED), as defined by the National Institutes of Health Consensus Panel, refers to the situation of inability to achieve and/or maintain penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance, which is divided into psychological, organic and mixed based on the etiology ( 1, 2). Although various existing examinations are widely used for the evaluation of vascular ED, they still have some shortcomings, such as invasiveness, contingency, high false positive (negative) rate. Endo-peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) has also been used to detect vascular endothelial function. While for the diagnosis of venous ED, shear wave elastography, dynamic infusion cavernosometry and cavernosography are more accurate. For the diagnosis of arterial ED, color duplex Doppler ultrasound, selective penile angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography are more commonly used. Intra-cavernous injection of vasoactive drugs is the earliest method used in the diagnosis of vascular ED and is a basic test. According to the different application scenarios, the main methods for the diagnosis of vascular ED are divided into four categories. This study retrospectively reviewed all available literature focusing on the diagnosis of vascular ED through a systematic PubMed and EMBASE search. At present, there are many approaches to diagnose ED, but each method has its advantages and limitations. doi:10.2147/PRBM.Vascular erectile dysfunction (ED) is closely related to cardiovascular events, and early diagnosis of vascular ED may be helpful to predict the occurrence of cardiovascular events and improve prognosis. Mindfulness training enhances flow state and mental health among baseball players in Taiwan. The neuroscience of the flow state: involvement of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system. A review on the role of the neuroscience of flow states in the modern world. EEG correlates of the flow state: A combination of increased frontal theta and moderate frontocentral alpha rhythm in the mental arithmetic task. Katahira K, Yamazaki Y, Yamaoka C, Ozaki H, Nakagawa S, Nagata N. Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life. The flow engine framework: A cognitive model of optimal human experience. Šimleša M, Guegan J, Blanchard E, Tarpin-Bernard F, Buisine S. The relationship between performance and flow state in tennis competition. Optimal experience and personal growth: Flow and the consolidation of place identity. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi: Flow, the secret to happiness.īonaiuto M, Mao Y, Roberts S, et al.
0 kommentar(er)
